Sunday, December 29, 2019

Prostate Cancer - 1210 Words

A prostate is a gland in the male reproductive system found below the bladder and in front of the rectum. Prostate cancer is cancer that forms in tissue in that gland, it usually occurs in older men. Cancer comes in forms of tumors, which is an abnormal growth of cells. Malignant tumors are the cancerous tumors of the two different types of tumors. Can cause pain and interfere with normal function, but they can also cause other systems in the body to act abnormally. Malignant tumors can invade nearby groups of cells or tissues, crowding out and destroying normal cells. Sometimes cancer cells can break away from the tumor and travel to other parts of the body. Body fluids that carry cancer cells from the tumor to other parts of the body†¦show more content†¦To determine PSA velocity, the NCCN guidelines recommend that multiple PSA values (a minimum of 3) be collected over time intervals of no less than 18 months. Second is age- and race-specific PSA reference ranges. Age- and race-specific PSA reference ranges compare the PSA test results among men in the same group. Third is Percent-free PSA (fPSA) is the percentage of the total PSA that is unbound. Evidence suggests that fPSA is lower in men who have prostate cancer compared with men who do not. Fourth are the complexed PSA (cPSA) test measures the amount of bound PSA circulating in the blood. Fifth is the PSA density (PSAD) which is a test sometimes used by doctors in patients who have a large prostate gland. To determine PSAD, the PSA value (ng/mL) is divided by the volume (size in cubic centimeters) of the prostate. The size of the prostate gland is determined by Tran’s rectal ultrasound (TRUS), a procedure that uses sound waves to create a picture of the prostate. ( (Diagnosis)) After all the different types of testing if there is any abnormality then a biopsy would be the next step. A prostate biopsy is a procedure in which the doctor uses the Trans rectal ultrasound (TRUS) to view and guide a needle into the prostate to take small samples of tissue. These tissues are then examined under a microscope for the presence of cancer. The biopsy procedure is short and you can usually go home the same day. There may be someShow MoreRelatedTreatment for Prostate Cancer1369 Words   |  6 PagesTREATMENT of localized prostate cancer usually includes prostatectomy and radiation therapy, occasionally augmented with hormonal therapies. However, Fu et al., (2012) have noted that recurrence of prostate cancer occurs in about 15% of patients within 5 years after prostatectomy and in about 40% patients within 10 years. Although, more than 70% of patients are expected to survive for more than 10 years after prostatectomy, radiationRead MoreProstate Cancer1239 Words   |  5 PagesA prostate is a gland in the male reproductive system found below the bladder and in front of the rectum. Prostate cancer is cancer that forms in tissue in that gland, it usually occurs in older men. Cancer comes in forms of tumors, which is an abnormal growth of cells. Malignant tumors are the cancerous tumors of the two different types of tumors. Can cause pain and interfere with normal function, but they can also cause other systems in the body to act abnormally. Malignant tumors can invade nearbyRead MoreProstate Cancer : Cancer And Cancer1283 Words   |  6 PagesCancer begins when cells start to grow uncontrollably. Prostate cancer occurs in a male’s prostate gland (a small walnut shaped gland that produces the seminal fluid that nourishes and transports sperm) (Mayoclinic.org, 2015). Prostate cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in men (Mayoclinic.org, 2015). There are 4 types of prostate cancer such as sarcomas, small cell carcinomas, neuroendocrine tumors and transitional cell carcinoma. Most prostate cancer is considered to be adenocarcinomasRead MoreThe Correlation Between Cancer And Prostate Cancer1017 Words   |  5 PagesThe finding led to the belief that the solution lied in the saturation, where the maximal growth of the prostate cancer was achieved at a low level of testosterone. This model was produced by Fowler and Whitmore, who concluded â€Å"normal endogenous testosterone levels may be sufficient to cause near maximal stimulation of prostatic tumors.† There final conclusion was that â€Å"there is not today—nor has there ever been—a scientific basis for the contention that a higher T concentration causes pCA growthRead MoreProstate Cancer2703 Words   |  11 PagesProstate cancer Introduction Prostate cancer is a cancerous tumor in the prostate gland, a small walnut-sized gland in men that makes seminal fluid, which helps carry sperm out of the body. The prostate is located beneath the bladder and surrounds the urethra, the tube that carries urine out through the penis. Prostate tumors can be benign or cancerous. With benign tumors, the prostate gets bigger and squeezes the urethra, interrupting the normal flow of urine. This condition, called benignRead MoreProstate Cancer4196 Words   |  17 PagesAbstract Prostate cancer is one of the major health concerns of the public. Worldwide prostate cancer has affected a big portion of the population and has become an issue for many males all around the world. Prostate cancer refers to the malignant growth of glandular cells located in the prostate. At the age of 85, a man is said to have a 1 in 5 chances of developing prostate cancer sometime in their life. Unfortunately Prostate cancer is a disease that does not give any warning signs when it isRead MoreProstate Cancer Essay1013 Words   |  5 PagesProstate Cancer The prostate gland is an egg-sized organ that rings the male urethra. The secretions of the prostate give nutrients to the semen. Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the second most common cause of cancer death in men. (Ernstoff,Heaney,Peschel,1998,pviii) Like all cancers, prostate cancer is an uncontrolled cell production in a particular organ or area of the body. In the case of prostate cancer, these cells begin to split impulsively in the prostate andRead MoreThe Treatment Of Prostate Cancer852 Words   |  4 PagesProstate cancer is the one of the most lethal disease in the United Sates. The pattern of disease recurrence being the major cause of morbidity and mortality. In spite of recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for the development of prostate cancer, the survival rate of men with this disease has remained relatively unchanged in over the decades. Since the Nobel prize winning discovery by Dr. Huggins and Dr. H odges (Huggins C., 1941) androgen deprivation therapyRead More Prostate Cancer Essay1176 Words   |  5 PagesInterest Prostate cancer being a huge cause of mortality and medical expense in men age forty and above has only recently become a topic of general conversation to men in America (Plowden, 2009). African-American men are affected by prostate cancer at a disproportional level than all other men. They are diagnosed up to 65% more frequently and the mortality rate is twice that of Caucasian counterparts (Emerson, 2009). The African-American male is also less likely to take advantage of free prostate cancerRead MoreProstate Cancer : The Most Common Cancer2250 Words   |  9 PagesProstate cancer is the second most common cancer and it is the second leading cause of cancer death in American men according to the American Cancer Society(ACS) ( 2016). Older age is the strongest risk factor for the development of prostate cancer. Approximately 1 in 7 men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer during his lifetime (ACS, 2016). There are more than 2.9 million prostate cancer survivors in the United Sta tes (ACS, 2016). The risk of dying from prostate cancer is 2.9 percent, with seventy

Saturday, December 21, 2019

The University of Michigan Should NOT Use Affirmative Action

The University of Michigan Should NOT Use Affirmative Action Imagine, your walking down the street looking for a job. You see a sign in the window that says, â€Å"Whites encouraged to apply.† Imagine the period in time when just being white got you into a college, without any other considerations of grades or athletic ability. Those were the days of the Jim Crow laws. Now these instances have happened in the past 20 years, through new laws called Affirmative Action. The big argument is over these few years of affirmative action. Have they alleviated the pain of the Jim Crow laws? The answer to that question is no. Especially, in the case of the University of Michigan‘s use of Affirmative Action in the acceptance of students. Using race as†¦show more content†¦He believes that the University of Michigan’s system of admission does use race as a preference. When Barbara Grutter applied to law school Cohen saw that her chances of getting in were way below that of minorities. In an interview with Ed Bradley, Cohen show s the Law school admission records from 1995 show these shocking statistics: Here, 51 applications, one admit; 61 applications, one admit; 2 percent, 3 percent chance of getting in. Not easy. That was for Caucasian Americans. Thats their word language; not mine. This is their sheet. And they prepared another sheet for African-Americans. Same cells, same scores: 10 applicants, 10 admits; five applications, five admits. One hundred percent, instead of 2 percent opportunity, which is what the case is for whites. A hundred percent for blacks. It--oh, come on. (Bradley) In 1995, Cohen read an article pointing out that the acceptance rates of blacks at many major universities was higher than that of whites. So, he asked the University of Michigan for information regarding these claims. The university told him that information was confidential. Cohen had to use the Freedom of Information Act to get the documents he wanted. The documents he found were rather startling. They showed that the University of Michigan was use race as a preference in admission to their college. The forms used by the university had a line at the top of the form that read â€Å"Use top line for majorityShow MoreRelatedImpooving Employee Performance72019 Words   |  289 Pagesmatter covered. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, accounting, or other professional service. If legal advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kirkpatrick, Donald L. Improving employee performance through appraisal and coaching / Donald L. Kirkpatrick ; foreword by Dick Grote. — 2nd ed. p. cm. Rev. ed. of: How to improve performanceRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pages Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis This page intentionally left blank Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis Third Edition Roxy Peck California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Chris Olsen George Washington High School, Cedar Rapids, IA Jay Devore California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Australia †¢ Brazil †¢ Canada †¢ Mexico †¢ Singapore †¢ Spain †¢ United Kingdom †¢ United States Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis, Third Edition RoxyRead MoreOrganizational Behaviour Analysis28615 Words   |  115 PagesORGANISATIONAL ANALYSIS: Notes and essays for the workshop to be held on 15th - 16th Novemeber 2007 at The Marriot Hotel Slough Berkshire SL3 8PT Dr. Lesley Prince, C.Psychol., AFBPsS University of Birmingham November 2007  © Dr. Lesley Prince 2007. Organisational Analysis: Notes and Essays Page i Page ii Please do not attempt to eat these notes. CONTENTS Introduction to the Workshop Topics And Themes The Nature and Scope of Organisation Theory Levels of Analysis The MetaphoricalRead MoreHrm in Aviation10615 Words   |  43 PagesResource Management In The Global Civil Aviation Industry: A Survey And Analysis Of Recruitment And Selection, Organization Development, And Education, Training And Development Practices Dr. Steven H. Appelbaum, Concordia University, Canada Brenda M. Fewster, Concordia University, Canada Abstract The civil aviation is an extremely competitive, safety-sensitive, high technology service industry. People, employees and customers, not products and machines per se, must be the arena of an organization’sRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages Organizational Behavior This page intentionally left blank Organizational Behavior EDITION 15 Stephen P. Robbins —San Diego State University Timothy A. Judge —University of Notre Dame i3iEi35Bj! Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services:Read MoreThe Business Case for Corporate Social Responsibility: a Review of Concepts, Research and Practice15551 Words   |  63 PagesTerry College of Business, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA, and 1 Assistant Professor of Management, School of Business, Indiana University Kokomo, 2300 S. Washington Street, Kokomo, IN 46904, USA Email: acarroll@uga.edu; kshabana@iuk.edu In this review, the primary subject is the ‘business case’ for corporate social responsibility (CSR). The business case refers to the underlying arguments or rationales supporting or documenting why the business community should accept and advance theRead MoreHbr When Your Core Business Is Dying74686 Words   |  299 Pages 66 Finding Your Next Core Business Chris Zook 78 Promise-Based Management: The Essence of Execution Donald N. Sull and Charles Spinosa 90 The Leadership Team: Complementary Strengths or Conï ¬â€šicting Agendas? Stephen A. Miles and Michael D. Watkins 100 Avoiding Integrity Land Mines Ben W. Heineman, Jr. 20 33 FORETHOUGHT HBR CASE STUDY Why Didn t We Know? Ralph Hasson 45 FIRST PERSON Preparing for the Perfect Product Launch THOU SHALT †¦page 58 JamesRead MoreEffectiveness of Fiscal Policy as a Stabilization Tool9769 Words   |  40 PagesThe Effectiveness of Fiscal Policy as Stabilization Policy Alan J. Auerbach University of California, Berkeley July 2005 This paper was presented at the Bank of Korea International Conference, The Effectiveness of Stabilization Policies, Seoul, May 2005. I am grateful to my discussants, Takatoshi Ito and Chung Mo Koo, and other conference participants for comments on an earlier draft. I. Introduction Perspectives among economists on the usefulness of fiscal policy as a device for macroeconomicRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesbetter study smarter save money From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visual and audio resources, WileyPLUS gives you everything you need to personalize the teaching and learning experience.  » F i n d o u t h ow t o M A K E I T YO U R S  » www.wileyplus.com ALL THE HELP, RESOURCES, AND PERSONAL SUPPORT YOU AND YOUR STUDENTS NEED! 2-Minute Tutorials and all of the resources you your students need to get started www.wileyplus.com/firstday Student supportRead MoreThe Extent to Which Labor Unions Can Influence Human Resrouce Practices in Bahrain18120 Words   |  73 PagesTHE EXTENT TO WHICH LABOR UNIONS CAN INFLUENCE HUMAN RESROUCE PRACTICES IN BAHRAIN BY AFAF ABDUL AZIZ OPEN UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA THE EXTENT TO WHICH LABOR UNIONS CAN INFLUENCE HUMAN RESOURCE PRACTICES IN BAHRAIN BY AFAF ABDUL AZIZ Project Paper Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Human Resources Open University Malaysia (May 2010) ABSTRACT Labor unions are legal organizations that consists of a group of workers who have banded together

Friday, December 13, 2019

Prevention Of Physical And Emotional Problems Education Essay Free Essays

â€Å" Childs are cherished gifts from God in whom He has planted His really image. Children from the youngest age deserve regard non merely on history of whom they represent but besides on history of who they will finally go † Comenius cited from Early childhood instruction page 90 What are the past beginnings and philosophical constructs of childhood? Has the society ever treated the kid as a ‘whole individual ‘ , given him or her the necessary position in society? Was there a break-through in outlook? The intent of this essay is, to assist me place and derive an apprehension to see whether childhood became an established and recognized clip of life for the kid throughout the centuries. Personally, I believe that, all kids deserve an chance to turn out their capablenesss and that they should be respected as persons. We will write a custom essay sample on Prevention Of Physical And Emotional Problems Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, until around the 12th century, European society did non believe of childhood as an of import period of development, in the mode that we do today. Children were non cherished as persons. In the Middle Ages, kids had no position in society, and were considered as illumination grownups. Children were trained to go the future productive members of the society or community. Furthermore, the immature kids were non expected to necessitate any particular intervention. However, this quiet attitude, reflected profoundly in the deficiency of schools available. The possibility of holding proper instruction was distant, and considered to be an excessive luxury tantrum merely for male childs coming from affluent households. Children ‘s public assistance and rights were still non recognised or acknowledged. But society ‘s political orientation towards the construct of childhood changed bit by bit from clip to clip. Research shows that finally, kids stopped being considered as a n add-on part to their households ‘ fiscal economic system. Thankss to the enterprise attempts and work of influential international figures, new constructs of childhood were introduced. New systems and reforms were established to give position to the kid. Towards the 20th century instruction replaced child-labour. Unlike old centuries, society acknowledged the assets of the kid ‘s educational part, instead than his fiscal input. Since so, instruction became the chief component of childhood, and has become a necessity. Much can be said about the 20 first century where, individuality and creativeness are synonymous with early childhood. Surveies into the history of childhood during the medieval times This was non ever the instance, as one of the most controversial issues of the survey of childhood ‘s history is whether or non kids were treated as illumination grownups. Early surveies into the history of childhood were those of Rams Philippe ( 1962 ) , Centuries of Childhood and De Mause, Lloyd, ( 1976 ) The History of Childhood. Both historiographers came to a decision and stated that the kids ‘s public assistance has evolved significantly throughout the centuries.A Both historiographers, image a really negative image of childhood, in the earlier period. Lloyd De Mause ( 1976 ) went every bit far as stating that ; A † The history of childhood is a incubus from which we have merely late begun to rouse, † Furthermore he stated that ; â€Å" The farther back in history one goes, the lower the degree of kid attention, and the more likely kids are to be killed, abandoned, crush, terrorized, and sexually abused † . Lloyd De Mause, ( ed. ) , The History of Childhood ( London, 1976 ) . On the other manus Rams pointed out and supported this thought by stating that, â€Å" It is difficult to believe that this disregard was due to incompetence or incapacity ; it seems more likely that there was no topographic point for childhood in the mediaeval universe. â€Å" ( Aries, 2002, p.33 ) Furthermore, in his book ‘Centuries of childhood ‘ , he continues to prolong this statement by stating that â€Å" there was no construct of childhood as a stateA different to adulthood in these centuries, and hence, even if parents did experience fondness for their progeny, they did non to the full understand how to react to the emotional demands of their kids. ‘ . Aries, Philippe, 1962, Centuries of Childhood, New York: Random House However, this statement was strongly challenged by Hawalt et Al ( 1986 ) . To turn out her point she researched corner inquest records where it was concluded that mediaeval households did in fact make a differentiation between being a kid and an grownup. Hawalt ( 1986 ) Hwang, P.C. , in Lamb, ME. , and Sigel I.E. ( erectile dysfunction ) ( 1996 ) Images of Childhood. London: Routledge David Archard ( 2001 ) , besides agrees with this sentiment. He argues that â€Å" all societies at all times have had the construct of childhood, that is to state, the construct that kids can be distinguished from grownups in assorted ways † Archard D. , in Heywood. C ( erectile dysfunction ) ( 2001 ) A history of Childhood. USA: Blackwell Publishers Inc. Linda Pollack, ( 1983 ) in her strict research criticised badly all the sentiments of Rams and de Mause and argues that childhood was non every bit austere as it was implied by these two authors. She continues to prolong her point and says, that the parents ever treated their kids in the same manner and that there was no alteration at all during this period. Furthermore, she argues that childhood did non germinate much during this period. A † The texts reveal no important alteration in the quality of parental attention given to, or the sum of fondness felt for babies for the period 1500-1900 † Linda Pollock, Forgotten Children – Parent: Child Relationss from 1500-1900 ( Cambridge University Press, 1983 ) . It is deserving reflecting that, there are different sentiments of how childhood was perceived throughout the centuries. In order to find this, it is of import to set up if there was a alteration, how it changed, and the concluding result of this alteration. The alteration through History â€Å" Any state and people that truly believes attending to kids ‘s attention and instruction during the early old ages is of incomputable value to society would do every sensible attempt to put in preschool instruction ‘ Early on Childhood Education diary, Vol 32, no 3 December 2004 ( c2004 ) Blended perspectives A Global vision for high Quality E.C.E. Between the 16th and seventeenth century ( pre-industrial period ) , England was chiefly rural and agricultural. During their childhood, childs worked in the Fieldss. If they could non work on their households ‘ farm, they were put to work elsewhere. The modern thought of separating childhood from maturity, started to develop throughout the 16th century. Middle category parents began to demand some signifier of formal educational system for their boies. Consequently, schooling for male childs started acquiring popular. This radical societal attitude towards kids and childhood, now requested new educational commissariats. The figure of new schools began spread outing throughout Europe. Parents preferred that their kids attended school, than directing them to larn accomplishments. By the terminal of the 16th century, and beginning of the seventeenth century, society started dividing the function of a kid from that of an grownup. Grown-ups did non waver to demo this alteration. This new construct of childhood put upper category kids in the spotlight, and they shortly became a beginning of amusement among grownups. They were dressed stylish apparels and were the delectation of their parents. However, another perceptual experience of the construct of childhood shortly arose amongst the church and the moralists, who felt the importance of religious development during these early old ages. They thought that kids needed subject and instruction: the kid was perceived as â€Å" a delicate animal, who must be protected, educated, and moulded in conformity with the current educational beliefs and ends † . ( Aries, 2002, p.35 ) However, during the Victorian age, the idea of holding any primary instruction was still non of import. Britain was still short of any primary educational proviso. The Victorian epoch has been depicted by historiographers, as a foundation of the modern construct of childhood. Paradoxically, during this period, the Industrial revolution promoted child labor. During this epoch, the industrial Revolution brought on new occupations. They worked daily in coal mines and mills. They carried out risky occupations. Children were ideal for these occupations as they were nimble, and could creep into little topographic points between the heavy machines. They were paid less than grownups. Throughout their childhood, male childs and misss had no pick but to work hard, in order to assist their households. This was non considered mean or odd, because parents thought that work was of import for the fiscal state of affairs of their households. Throughout this clip, kids spent their childhood crammed in overcrowded suites and an unsanitary environment. All this resulted in bad wellness, hurts, and sometimes even decease. In his novels, Charles Dickens ( 1812 ) emphasizes on the badness of their childhood. Child manual labor was easy diminished and eventually stopped in Britain. This alteration was brought on through the debut of the mill Acts of 1802-1878. However, the idea of holding any primary instruction was non of import during the Victorian Age. Britain and all Europe were still short of any primary educational proviso. When mandatory instruction was introduced in the 19th century there was a despairing opposition from propertyless households. They needed the kids ‘s rewards and would non interchange them with instruction. Throughout history, many early childhood pedagogues struggled to better kids ‘s instruction and holistic demands. Historically they all sustained the same thought that of kids need drama to develop their maximal potency. These nevertheless is non to stipulate that all these influential figures were of the same sentiment about the instruction and theories of larning. They disagreed on several issues, but all emphasized on the critical importance of a multi-sensory attack to larning Froebel, Montessori and Steiner all agreed and set up touchable stuff which enabled the kid to research and detect the universe around them.. Some other innovators of early childhood assumed that kid ‘s development is to its upper limit because it is an innate accomplishment. Although their construct of kid ‘s development differed, Russeau, Piaget and Vygotsky all agreed that the kid ‘s features were portion of ‘nature ‘ . However, the work and attempt of early innovators contributed to the historical and philosophical alterations which finally improved the function of the kids in society. During the 17th and eighteenth century, â€Å" Monitorial † schools, established by the Quaker, Joseph Lancaster, and the New Lanark simple schools, founded by Robert Owen were the lone foundations which provided instruction for the babies. During this period there was still the thought that instruction throughout childhood was irrelevant. The bulk of the kids did non go to school, as it was non yet mandatory. Boys coming from affluent households had the lone chance for some official instruction. They were provided with simple instruction to assist them with basic literacy, and arithmetic. On the other manus, small misss in England, did non go to school, but stayed at place, to larn how to go good married womans. Disabled kids were besides capable to be neglected and forgotten. However it seems to be the instance, that it was really improbable for kids to hold good quality occupations when they became grownups. Lloyd de Mause ( 1976 ) supports this statement, and says that kid s grew up unable to compose or read. De Mause, Lloyd, ( 1976 ) . ( ed. ) , The History of Childhood: London, The Victorians bit by bit realised the importance of the function of the kid during childhood.. Influential reformists started going aware of the true construct of childhood. They started debating the development of kids. Politicians besides become sensitive to the fact that educating kids could be an plus to the future society. Since so this construct of childhood remained dominant in other societies. Nutbrown et Al ( 2010 ) sustains this by â€Å" the instruction of immature kids could lend to the development of a better society † Nutbrown C. , Clough P. , and Selbie P ( 2010 ) Early on Childhood Education. , London: Sage publications Consequently, during the eighteenth and 19th centuries schools started being established by helpers and politicians who believed that society could be of an advantage by holding better educated kids. Furthermore Nutbrown et Al ( 2010 ) ‘Schools were being developed and systems devised and expanded, non merely by spiritual administrations and helpers, but besides of class by the socially and politically motivated who were driven, non by spiritual strong belief but by a belief that the instruction of immature kids could lend to the development of a better society Influential Figures and their doctrine of childhood Education is the uterus in which our society reproduces itself and re-creates itself for the hereafter. ( Louis Galea Minister of Education, National Minimum Curriculum Malta -1999 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //curriculum.gov.mt/docs/nmc_english.pdf Many influential figures in history started altering the thoughts, the policies and wonts of how early instruction was perceived by society. Now, it was considered that educating kids would hold societal benefits. Nutbrown et Al ( 2010 ) pg 5, sustains this statement when she wrote and said ‘seeing instruction and schooling as portion of what we could name a societal intercession to do a difference to the lives of hapless and orphaned kids ‘ Some major influential figures who contributed in the development of early childhood instruction are brought up in this survey. Although their thoughts of childhood development were different all of them thought that the kid ‘s unconditioned inclinations and characteristic were portion of ‘nature ‘ and that larning should be by find and non by instructions. Comenius ( 1592-1670 ) , is credited for presenting the first illustration book for kids who was called: â€Å" Orbis Pictus ( The World of Pictures ) . He believed that kids needed images to assist them larn. His doctrine was based upon the thought that, kids should be permitted to play, learn and detect at their ain gait. He compared the kids to ‘seeds ‘ Selbie A ; Clough ( 2005 ) diary of early childhood research 2005, Sage Publications ( www.sagepublications.com ) Nutbrown C et Al ( 2010 ) pg 113 continues to prolong this and says, that they need a ‘guiding manus to assist them boom ‘ , and that ‘a kid can non be forced to larn ‘ and attentivenesss on to state that ‘A kid will bloom into the flower he or she was created to go ‘ . Furthermore, he believed in societal betterment of inclusive instruction where ‘all kids should have their instruction, whatever their gender and societal category ‘ . In Nutbrown C. et Al ( 2010 ) During the 18th century Jean-Jacques Rousseau ( 1712-1778 ) , a philosopher, first wrote about ‘nurturing ‘ kids as opposed to the ‘repressive ‘ position taken at the clip ( MacLeod-Brudenell 2004 ) . Rousseau renowned for his book Emilie, encouraged free drama. He focused on the encompassing scenes. His manner is still followed today in early childhood categories. Following on from his work, other theoreticians have developed changing attacks to the attention and instruction of kids. Pestalozzi ( 1746-1827 ) , Pestalozzi, born in Zurich, believed that kids should ‘discover the universe through activity ‘ . Nutbrown C. et Al ( 2001 ) Pg 112. His want was to educate the kid as a whole person. His involvements in kids ‘s rights makes him an of import focal point of historical and philosophical surveies. He was one of the primary laminitiss of inclusive instruction. He founded a school for misss in 1806. Robert Owen ( 1771-1858 ) , Robert Owen ( 1790 ) started the first simple schools for kids whose parents and older brothers worked in the New Lanark Mills. Furthermore, as stated in the book early childhood instruction, Nutbrown et Al ( 2010 ) he was ‘making an instruction of the community ‘ . He supported the passage of the Factory Act of 1819, and was the first from prohibiting instructors to hit kids. ‘I support a doctrine of instruction which does its best to cut down any demand for penalty ‘ Nutbrown et Al ( 2010 ) early childhood instruction Sage Publications Froebel ( 1782-1852 ) , ‘Children must get the hang the linguistic communication of things before they master the linguistic communication of words ‘ Friedrich Froebel ( 1895 ) Pedagogies of the Kindergarten research publishing house on cyberspace. The Friedrich Froebel ( 1782-1852 ) , a German pedagogue, was one of the early innovators of the reformation of childhood instruction. As an dreamer, he supported the thought, that every kid from birth had educational potency, and that a appropriate educational scene was imperative to assist the kid to go on to turn and develop his or her optimum potency. â€Å" Young kids are to be regarded and tended basically similar workss. Like these, if they were given the right conditions, they would turn and unfold and flower, by their ain jurisprudence, each harmonizing to its single capacity and fate. † ( Lawrence, 1969, p.195 ) Lawrence, E ( 1969 ) Friedrich Froebel and English Education London, Routledge A ; Kegan Paul Froebel believed that a kid should larn at his ain gait. The kid should ne’er be hurried or rushed in this childhood development. â€Å" Young animate beings and workss are given remainder, and arbitrary intervention with their growing is avoided, because it is known that the opposite pattern would upset their pure flowering and sound development ; but, the immature human being is looked upon as a piece of wax or a ball of clay which adult male can model into what he pleases † ( Froebel, 1907, p. 8 ) . Froebel, F. ( 1907 ) The Education of Man New York, Appleton A ; Co Froebel s doctrine of instruction was besides based on the importance of drama during childhood through manipulative stuffs, creativeness and motor experience, the latter mentioning to larning through activities. He maintained the thought that a immature kid can merely larn through direct contact with touchable objects. ‘Children are born with a demand to play and research ‘ Nutbrown C et Al pg11 Early Childhood Education Froebel ‘s dream was to make a universe for small kids†¦ a universe which he called kindergarten. Harmonizing to Froebel, â€Å" drama is the freest active manifestation of the kid ‘s inner ego which springs from the demand of that interior life consciousness to recognize itself externally. † ( Bowen, 1907, p.116 ) Bowen, H. ( 1907 ) Froebel and Education by Self-Activity London, William Heinemann In Froebel ‘s Kindergarten, activities through drama, enhanced a kid ‘s societal, emotional, physical and rational development. Play was the most of import stairss in the kid ‘s growing. In his surveies one of the most evident elements which fascinated Froebel was the kid innate want to play. â€Å" It is through drama that the kid learns the usage of his limbs, of all his bodily variety meats, and with this usage additions wellness and strength. Through drama he comes to cognize the external universe, the physical qualities of the objects which surround him, their gestures, action, and reaction upon each other, and the relation of these phenomena to himself, iˆÂ ­ a cognition that forms the footing of that which will be his lasting stock for life. † ( Bowen, 1907, p.101 ) Bowen, H. ( 1907 ) Froebel and Education by Self-Activity London, William Heinemann To prolong his doctrine, he provided the babies with educational playthings to excite their creativeness. Charlotte Mason 1842-1923 Another innovator was Charlotte Mason whose doctrine in educating was by allowing them use their ain senses and larn through experience. She besides encouraged place instruction. Rachel and Margaret Mc Millan ( 1859-1931 ) , The Macmillan Sisters ( 1859 ) dedicated their lives on advancing a combined sort of service, that of societal, wellness and instruction. This was to promote female parents to convey their kids to the baby’s room. Children stayed in well-supervised drama countries. They introduced wellness and societal public assistance in their kindergarten schools to cover with a holistic development of the kid. Rudolf Steiner ( 1861-1925 ) , an Austro-Hungarian philosopher believed that larning should be holistic. In his Waldorf schools, trades music and humanistic disciplines played an of import factor in the school ‘s course of study. Whereas, Montessori and Froebel focused on other facets of larning that of single find, Steiner based his thoughts on more societal facets. Maria Montessori ( 1870-1952 ) , Maria Montessori an Italian doctor, worked with hapless and mentally handicapped kids. She taught them self help accomplishments. Montessori besides believed that kids had an unconditioned ability to larn educational accomplishments. In the Montessori environment, kids were encouraged to rectify their ain errors, therefore allowing the kid to be reinforced positively and later will hold an internal satisfaction/ Whilst Froebel believed that concrete objects would besides learn abstract constructs, Maria Montessori believed that kids ‘s acquisition would steer and assist the kid to construct up a better hereafter. Her multi-sensory attack to acquisition is still really popular in kindergarten categories, presents. Susan Sutherland Isaacs ( 1885-1948 ) Another innovator, Susan Isaacs ‘ influence is experienced in nowadays schools. She established the ‘experimenting ‘ Malting House School in 1924. Nutbrown et Al ( 2010 ) pg 54 her doctrine highlighted the construct of ‘discovery ‘ acquisition and drama as the kid ‘s primary instruction. She besides believed in the ‘maximum usage of the out-of-doorss ‘ Nutbrown et Al ( 2010 ) pg 107 Jean Piaget ( 1896-1980 Piaget ‘s doctrine besides respects kids as ‘independent scholars ‘ . He argues that kids learn from their self-generated engagement of activities. He besides emphasised the engagement of drama to heighten cognitive development, ‘Piaget viewed drama as a procedure in which the kid is active and through which the kid learns ‘ , ( O’Hagan and Smith, 1993, p.69 ) . O’Hagan, M. A ; Smith, M. ( 1993 ) Early Old ages Child Care and Education: Key Issues 2nd erectile dysfunction. China: Tindall Piaget spoke about kids during their childhood as being ‘egocentric ‘ , that is to state that because of their restricted cognition of the universe, they have problem understanding the point of position of others. His work presented much unfavorable judgment ; Donaldson ( 1978 ) in peculiar argued that many of Piaget ‘s research lacked relation to existent life. ( Donaldson 1978 ) . Donaldson, M. ( 1978 ) Children ‘s Minds London: Fontana Lev S.Vygotsky ( 1896-1971 ) , Another early theoretician who can be named as a ‘constructivist ‘ is Lev Vygotsky ( 1896-1934 ) . Whilst holding with Piaget that during their childhood, kids were ‘active ‘ scholars, he placed more weight on societal communicating with others, as a manner to excite acquisition. He introduced the ‘zone of proximal development ‘ , Although he besides believed that rational development was natural, he argued that a kid had to hold the counsel of grownups to achieve her optimum potency. ( MacLeod-Brudenell, 2004 ) . MacLeod-Brudenell, I. ( Ed ) ( 2004 ) Advanced Early Years Care and Education Oxford: Heinemann. It can be argued that, the doctrine of these historical figures can be correlated to their reading of the issue of ‘children ‘s rights ‘ . All these past innovators, and present research workers, agree on the fact that there is a really close similarity between the perceptual experience in the construct of childhood, and the claim to kids ‘s rights. All agree that kids have the right to larn. Jalango M.R. et Al, support this thought by saying that â€Å" All immature kids have a right to develop optimally, to hold their intrinsic worth as human existences recognised, and to hold their acquisition facilitated by caring grownups † Jalongo M.R. , Fennimore B.S. , Pattnark. J. , Laverick D. M. , Brewster J. , and Mutuku M. ( 2004 ) Blended positions: A Global vision, † Early on Childhood Education Journal Vol 32, no 3 The construct that acquisition is a procedure which can non be hurried has been continuously echoed through clip by all innovators of Early Childhood instruction. Nowadays kids are continuously made to larn from printed out press releases. It is difficult for me to believe that immature babies can accomplish more from this formal instruction, than they do from experimenting with age- appropriate undertakings. My ideal kindergarten schoolroom is seeing kids experimenting with the nature around them, caring for pets and workss, originative picture, prosecuting themselves in function drama and above all acquiring messy. Acts and Legislations There is no responsibility more of import than guaranting that kids ‘s rights are respected, that their public assistance is protected, that their lives are free from fright and that they can turn up in peace. Kofi Annan, the 7th Secretary-General of the United Nations It is argued that all kids ought to hold an equal chance to show their abilities and should be respected as persons. Unfortunately this was non ever the issue. In 1862, the Revised Code was established. Grants were given to simple schools harmonizing to the class of public presentation and abilities of its students. Gradually the life for hapless kids started altering. It took some clip for the present authorities to make up one’s mind that it was of import for the kids to be protected by jurisprudence. Child-labour was discussed in parliament, and it was established that no kid under the age of 10 was allowed to work in a mine. Parliament besides passed a jurisprudence necessitating kids to go to school every hebdomad. This was presented in parliament by Lord Shaftesbury who subsequently on founded and was president of the Ragged School Union. These ‘ragged schools ‘ were for hapless kids. However, school was non yet mandatory, and kids had to pay for this service. The Forster Education Act of 1870 came into force and required that all England would supply simple schools to immature kids. The Mundella Code of 1882 brough t on a large alteration. Finally, schooling became mandatory. All kids had to go to school till the age of 10 and subsequently on it became obligatory till the age of 12. Shortly after on, the school ‘s ‘pence ‘ fee was removed so now it was free for all. Discussions started in parliament, to make up one’s mind the age when a kid should get down go toing school. The thought of directing the kids a twelvemonth before other European states was brought up by Mundella. He addressed the parliament and said â€Å" I ask you Englishmen and Englishwomen are Austrian kids to be educated before English kids? † ( National Education League 1869:133 ) National Education League 1869:133 ) Report of the General Meetings of the Members of the National Education League. , Birmingham: National Education League After the Second World War, in Britain, the lessening in household siblings and the shuting down of kindergarten schools had lessened the chance for small kids to play and socialize. At that clip, the Local Education Authorities ( LEAs ) found it difficult to add to the figure of baby’s rooms, as the Ministry of Education Circular 8/60 said that there could be no addition in nursery school proviso. The deficit of LEA baby’s room topographic points and the uninterrupted addition of parental consciousness in the small kids ‘s well-being and instruction during their childhood, triggered a new kind of nursery proviso, that of baby’s room groups. In 1972, the Secretary of State for Education, Ms. Margaret Thatcher presented a White Paper, which planned for nursery twenty-four hours schools to be provided for the small kids. There was no turning back. Nowadays research shows that kids ‘s rights are recognised internationally. These have been acknowledged in most of the states, through both international and national pacts. The most of import Torahs which contributed to the rights of the kids are, The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, Declaration of Human Rights, Children Act 1989, the Education Act 2002, Every Child Matters, and the new Childcare Act 2006 which is wholly devoted to early childhood pattern. Clearly now the kid is an active person who â€Å" can lend to society amongst others, and who are much more competent than we choose to believe, and at much younger ages excessively † . Freeman cited in King, ( 2007:210 ) King, M. ( 2007 ) Children ‘s rights to engagement. In Waller, T. ( 2007 ) An debut to Early Childhood. Paul Chapman: London The Establishment of Laws and Acts in Malta Education is the uterus in which our society reproduces itself and re-creates itself for the hereafter. ( Louis Galea Minister of Education, National Minimum Curriculum Malta -1999 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //curriculum.gov.mt/docs/nmc_english.pdf During the 19th and beginning of the 20th century in Malta, the huge bulk of Maltese households besides lived in great poorness. Childhood was non much different for Maltese kids. Boys, at a really early age, were sent to labor in Fieldss to assist their households whilst, misss helped their female parents at place. As the Maltese households were really hapless, the necessity to supply their kids with proper instruction was ne’er considered. During the British stay in Malta, the Governor Sir Henry F. Bouviere ( 1836-42 ) engaged Mr. John Austin the High Commission to make research about the state of affairs of the Maltese households. In the Commissioner ‘s study of 1836, Mrs. Sarah Austin commented on the Maltese kids and stated that: â€Å" The moral and rational part of the people is awful. No schools in the Casals, no tolerable instruction for the middling categories, a University whose first professor received ?25 a twelvemonth, no imperativeness, no topographic point for treatment, no intercourse with the English of an amicable and informative type- what wonder if they are nescient and infantile. The lone thing I can non understand is how life is sustained under these fortunes. † Quoted from Dr. David R. Marshall in History of the Maltese Language in Local Education ( Malta, University Press 1971 ) pg 13 In 1849, in Malta there were merely 30 primary schools, whilst in Gozo merely two little schools existed. Sir Patrick Joseph Keenan, the Commissioner who was in charge of composing a study about the instruction of kids in Malta, in 1881 besides suggested ‘payment harmonizing to consequences obtained by kids ‘ . Teachers were paid harmonizing to the consequences, which were obtained by the kids. These had to sit for an test which was given by the ‘inspector ‘ . This system was used in Malta boulder clay 1900. J. Zammit Mangion provinces ; ‘The dictatorship of reading and authorship and calculation was now complete†¦ The kids were trained like arrow to bark at print ‘ . J Zammit Mangion, in op.cit. p.135. In the early 20th century ( 1927 ) a study was carried out in Malta, and Pawlu F. Bellanti ( 1901 ) stated that, â€Å" the fact that about 50 per cent of the lifting coevals are turning up without any kind of preparation or direction is of excessively serious a nature to be left unnoticed. † Bellanti P.F. , Census of the Maltese Islands taken on the Sunday the 31st March, 1901, under Ordinances no X of 1900 and NoIII of 1901, ( Malta Government Printing Office, 1903 ) p.LVII In 1944 the Education act gave rise to the creative activity of other schools and in 1981 the creative activity of particular educational demands schools. The Education Act in Malta came into force in 1988. It declared that obligatory instruction commences at the age of 5 old ages. It besides declared that it was the duty of every parent of a kid to do certain that their baby had to go to school everyday during the whole scholastic twelvemonth. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.european-agency.org/country-information/malta/national-overview/legal-system It was a interruption through for all the kids. Inclusive instruction was besides a large issue and the Maltese National Minimum Curriculum ( 1999 ) , dedicates a subdivision to early childhood instruction and acknowledges inclusive Education as one of the basic rules in instruction. By contrast to old centuries, a kid with a disablement now attends a mainstream kindergarten, with other kids. In 2000 The Equal Opportunities Act was established in ParliamentInfo. The Equal Opportunities Act ( 2000 ) spoke about inclusion and stated that it was against the jurisprudence for an educational entity to know apart against handicapped kids hypertext transfer protocol: //www.european-agency.org/country-information/malta/national-overview/legal-system My memories of childhood â€Å" All immature kids have the right to develop optimally to hold their intrinsic worth as human existences recognized and to hold their acquisition installations by caring grownups † Jalango M.R. , Fennimore B.S. , Pattmark. J. , Laverick De Anna M. , Brewster J. , and Mutuku M. ( 2004 ) Blended Positions: A planetary vision ( from ) Early on childhood Education Journal Vol 32, no 3, December 2004 The class of developing the construct of childhood is an on-going uninterrupted pattern. In the twentieth century the most critical alteration in the public assistance of kids was the dramatic reformation in wellness issues and instruction. Governments funded societal benefits which later, enabled the kid to widen his or her life anticipation and to hold a better instruction. Vaccines and medical specialty were administered to extinguish childhood diseases and schools were established all over Europe. However, I was raised up in Gozo, the little sister island of Malta, and traditions were still more dominant. Religion was the chief focal point of the community and households. I attended a convent school run by a spiritual society. The sisters in the baby’s room ran the kindergarten school in a really regime manner. We ever started our twenty-four hours with supplications and anthem. Morning lessons started with mathematics and we would declaim over and over once more a set of Numberss. A paragraph from the Holy Bible was read every forenoon by the female parent superior, whilst we subsequently chanted Psalmss until we got them perfect. However, I do n’t hold affectionate memories of this school, as I still retrieve the gustatory sensation of pod liver oil which I had to digest as a ‘compulsory daintiness ‘ . I was ne’er allowed to larn through geographic expedition or drama. No stimulating or originative activities were introduced. However an enriched nurturing environment was provided at place. My childhood memories at place with my household are both memorable and positive. A balanced life was maintained where my emotional and physical basic demands were provided and catered for. Like a sponge I absorbed the basic foundations of maturity which finally helped me take duties of a parent. My parents provided me with love, instruction, protection and were my role-models. Fantastic odors filled our house and my place was a topographic point of comfort and love. As a kid I remember holding completed my prep, embarking outside and playing in the empty streets. It was traditional to play in the quiet backstreets. We invented new games and played ‘hopscotch ‘ , ‘catch ‘ , ‘hide and seek ‘or beads and marbles. We engaged ourselves in ‘miniature grownup ‘ function and we played for really long periods without any grownup ‘s supervising or intervention. This playing in the street allowed me to increase my creativeness, develop my leading and enabled me to work as a group. It is through drama that I interacted with the universe around me. It brought out the maximal potency of my childhood ‘s development – intellectually, physically, socially and emotionally. Childhood at the bend of the 20 first century Paradoxically, at the bend of the 20 first century, history is reiterating itself. It is deserving reflecting, that we are rekindling the thoughts of past innovators and later go throughing them on as our ain â€Å" new † thoughts. This is supported by Rosemary Peacocke ( 1999 ) , when she stated that it is a affair of â€Å" old vino in new bottles, old Plasticine in new forms † . She continues to prolong her positions by stating that history comes as a â€Å" round way † . Whilst Cathy Nutbrown ( 2010 ) besides supports this thought and claims that â€Å" nil is new, thoughts merely repeat † . I ask, do we larn from history, or do we perpetrate the same errors? Lesley Abbott and Helen Moylett ( 1999 ) Early Education Transformed. London: Palmer Press Cathy Nutbrown, Peter Clough, Philip Selbie ( 2010 ) Early on Childhood Education History Philosphy and Experience. London: Sage Publications Bibliography Research workers of the hereafter will maintain mentioning to the instructions of past philosophers, in hope of accomplishing the perfect consequence for the optimum upbringing of kids, that of nurturing, and educating each kid to achieve his or her maximal possible through her childhood â€Å" It is indispensable to hold a better conceptual articulation of what good early childhood instruction is, with appropriate appraisal and rating, which does non cut across its valuable traditions † . ( Bruce, 1997, p.204 ) Bruce, T. ( 1997 ) Early on Childhood Education London, Hodder A ; Stoughton Ironically many of the thoughts that shaped the kids ‘s features of past century still use today. Children still work, the difference being, that sometimes they do odd occupations to gain excess pocket money to purchase new entertaining engineerings. Girls are non needed as ‘little mas ‘ anymore, but play practical households on the computing machine. Since the beginning of indoor activities such as computer/ picture games, and telecasting, serious concerns have evolved about childhood-life. The freedom of childhood which was so much believed in, and encouraged by early innovators is being now endangered by the fright of development of new engineerings. Today the modern construct of childhood is that society position kids as â€Å" societal existences, active in the building of their ain worlds and subjectivenesss and hence potentially active in the building and deconstruction of dominant political orientations † ( Cole, 2004, p.6 ) Cole, M ( 2004 ) † Time to Emancipate the Mind: primary Schools in the New Century † Primary Teaching Studies, August 2004, Trentham Books Life for kids is once more being restricted, as now they live in big blocks of flats, with small infinite or clip to be originative. Much can be debated about the continued being of kids ‘s street civilization which reigned supreme during my childhood! Is this ‘golden epoch ‘ for kids? Decision Despite all this, in this exciting clip of uninterrupted development, I have to acknowledge that this century is offering kids in their early old ages, better public assistance and acquisition chances, which are appropriate to their single demands. The attitude of society towards the construct of childhood throughout the centuries has changed in a positive manner, and society presents perceives childhood as an of import factor in a kid ‘s life. Unlike kids of past ages, now have position in society and are persons. Qvortrup, ( 1994 ) besides supports this fact by stating that â€Å" Childs today are no longer seen as uncomplete grownups non yet able to take part in societal life, but as co-constructors of childhood and society † Qvortrup, J. , M. Bardy, G. Sgritta and H. Wintersberger ( 1994 ) Childhood Matters: Social Theory, Practice and Politics. Aldershot: Avebury. How to cite Prevention Of Physical And Emotional Problems Education Essay, Essay examples

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Human Resource Strategy Formulation and Implementation

Question: Discuss about the Human Resource Strategy for Formulation and Implementation. Answer: Introduction International Business Management is one of the most crucial tasks of the organizations (Cavusgil et al. 2016). The modern organizations are not restricted to one geographical location but are expanding to diverse geographical locations. This implies that it is essential to control the business operations based in a foreign location in a perfect manner. The study of international business management would enhance the capabilities of the managers to effectively manage the resources in a global economy (Wild Wild and Han 2014). The managers need skills as well as knowledge beyond the normal business expertise. They need to be familiar with the international leadership style, business regulations of the specific country, clear understanding of the local laws and others (Cavusgil et al. 2016). In addition to this, they need to be knowledgeable about the change management, motivation and management of diversity in an international context. One of the most important tasks of the managers i s to demonstrate effective people management skills in a global workplace (Moran Abramson and Moran 2014). It is also important to have an effective framework for measuring performance across all the business operations. It is obvious that there would be obstacles in the way of effective performance management across global locations (Cavusgil et al. 2016). This report would discuss about the issues faced by an organization in dealing with a performance management program spanning across several geographical locations. It would be followed by solutions for addressing the issues. The all-round business operation principles in relation to the people management are discussed such as leadership style, change management, motivation and diversity management. The organization selected for the purpose of study is Emirates Airlines. Leadership Style The leadership styles in Emirates Airlines are important criteria to be considered for the cross-border management of the teams. The cross-cultural leadership aims to understand the functioning of the leaders in a globalized market. The implicit leadership theory states that the people would perceive the leaders as good or average based on their underlying assumptions, beliefs, stereotypes and others (Epitropaki 2013). This is the reason that the employees residing in different countries perceive a particular person in a different manner. The Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions underlines the five different dimensions of culture which are used for the comparison of cultures and gives insights to the leaders (Epitropaki 2013). The concerned person can modify their leadership styles after considering the analysis of the cultural dimensions of different countries. The Globe Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness Research Project (GLOBE) combines both aspects of the implicit lead ership theory and the Hofstedes cultural dimension (Chhokar Brodbeck and House 2013). This focuses on the fact that there are certain individuals who maintain stable belief regarding the leaders that may vary from one culture to the other. The leadership is a universal phenomenon in which it is essential to modify the leadership styles based on the chosen country and their characteristics (Chhokar Brodbeck and House 2013). The transformational leadership determines the way the effective leaders must inspire the followers by addressing their emotional requirements (Avolio and Yammarino 2013). This leadership approach creates valuable change in the followers. The primary goal of this kind of leadership is the transformation of thee followers into leadership by imbibing suitable characteristics of the leaders (Avolio and Yammarino 2013). The charismatic leadership comprises of the encouraging of several behaviors in the followers such as personality, eloquent communication and persuasi on (Oreg and Berson 2015). These kinds of leaders persuade the followers to do their tasks in a better manner. In this age of technological advancements, it is possible to influence the followers who may or may not be based on same geographical locations (Oreg and Berson 2015). Change management The change management is one of the most important approaches for the transformation of the organizations. The transformation can be done with respect to individuals, teams or the business methods (Hayes 2014). There can be changes in the budget allocation or the operation modes. The Kotters 8 step change model is one of the most important used for understanding the phenomenon of change management (Appelbaum et al.2012). Kotter suggested that in order to bring in successful change management in the process, it is important to follow eight steps of change- Establish a sense of urgency- The need for change should be communicated to the team members and they should be convinced regarding their importance (Appelbaumet al. 2012). Creation of guiding coalition- The team members who possess should be assembled so that they can lead the change management process. Development of change vision- The creation of vision is important to direct the efforts concerned with change as well as formulation of effective strategies (Appelbaumet al. 2012). Communication of the vision- The transfer of information, vision and the strategy of change is important since it would help the team to understand their role in the change management process (Cummings and Worley 2014). Removal of barriers- It is evident that the change management process would come with several barriers which need to be addressed (Appelbaum et al. 2012). This would encourage the risk-taking behavior in the team. Generation of short term wins- This step would involve the planning for the achievements (Appelbaum et al. 2012). This would also involve the rewarding as well as recognition of the employees for being part of the change process. Sustain the acceleration- It is important to use credibility for changing the systems, policies, structures of an organization. It is also important to set the infrastructure for fostering the implementation of the vision. These would include the recruitment of suitable executives and reinforcing the process of new projects as well as the change agents (Appelbaum et al. 2012). Incorporation of the changes- It is important to articulate connection with the new incorporated behaviors and the new levels of organizational success. Diversity Management The strategy of utilizing the best practices for the creation of a diverse as well as inclusive workplace is known as diversity management (Harvey and Allard 2015). In cross cultural management, the successful management of diversity is one of the crucial modes of achieving business excellence. There are primarily two types of diversity management theories which are being used by the organizations (Harvey and Allard 2015). They are institutional theory and the resource based theory (Armstrong and Taylor 2014). The institutional theory believes in the fact that the organizational structure cannot be separated from the social environment of the organization (Suddaby2014). The structure of an organization is dependent on the behavior of the employees. The theory also believes that the organization possess limiting factors like regulations, rules, laws and social norms. The resource based theory represents the procedure of the implementation of diversity which would have an effect on the resources of the organization (Barney 2012). The organization possesses four segments of resources such as financial capital, physical capital, corporate capital and the human capital. These resources are used by the organization for business improvements. The racial diversity corresponds to an increasing financial performance of the firm when there is implementation of an innovation strategy (Harvey and Allard 2015). The theory also explored those organizations that possessed more diversity management practices experience low turnover rates, which resulted in an increase in the organizational productivity. For example, in an organization, where there are employees from Japan, Greece and UK, then the organization must incorporate employee engagement policies, in which there would be mutual cooperation among the employees. Motivation The motivation is one of the driving factors for organizational performance. The motivated employees would perform in a better manner and there would be elevated level of performance (Mowday Porter and Steers 2013). The employees would be motivated if their needs, behaviors and preferences are met. The employee satisfaction is directly related with the increase in the motivation level of the employees (Mowday Porter and Steers 2013). The Maslows Hierarchy of needs theory identifies five needs of human beings which are self-actualization, esteem, love or belonging, safety and physiological (Lester 2013).For example, the physiological needs include the need of basic needs such as food, water and sex. The safety needs would include the freedom from violence or prison. The belongings need comprises of friends, family and the clubs (Lester 2013). The esteem needs may include approval from the friends, family and others. The self-actualization needs are considered as the ultimate need and it is believed that if this need is satisfied then the individual would be happy from within (Lester 2013). The satisfaction level of the employees would be dependent on the fulfillment of these needs. The organization must take appropriate steps to fulfill the needs of the employees even when they are located in diverse geographical areas. Ethical approach of management The cross-cultural management of the firms must ensure that the management of the business is done in an ethical manner (Kuntz et al.2013). There should be specific guidelines that should be formulated for encouraging the ethical business aspects. The managers should identify the types of ethical conflict that arises in the organization and must take preventive actions (Zhu Sun and Leung 2014). For example, giving of gifts is not prohibited in most cultures. However, in some other cultures, the gifts may be considered as a method of bribery and hence is considered as unethical. The culture of a country is directly related to the ethics and the manager of the company should have knowledge about the cultural aspects of the country in which the organization has its business presence. Performance Management challenges The multinational companies incur a high degree of cost in their recruitment and engagement of their human resources (Bamberger Biron and Meshoulam2014). Emirates Airlines has its headquarters based in Dubai, however, it manages its operations on several other countries too. This makes them to manage the international employees from their home locations or from the concerned locations. The management of the international human resources and monitoring their performance is a big challenge for the organizations (Ward and Peppard2016). The performance of the employees should be aligned with the strategic requirements, organizational needs and the customer preferences. The multinational companies encounter a lot of critical challenges while managing the performance of their employees (Bamberger Biron and Meshoulam 2014). The global recession has posed several challenges for the organizations (Peng 2013). It has directly affected the compensation structure of the organizations making them vulnerable to pay cut or demotion of the existing employees. The companies are unable to provide adequate compensation to their employees which have caused the employees to suffer from lack of motivation of work (Bamberger Biron and Meshoulam 2014). This is one of the reasons of their low job performance, which has decreased the organizational productivity. There are issues with the integration of the performance monitoring in the global locations (Parsons et al.2012). The managers are required to use different appraisal methods for employees located in different geographical locations. The decision making of the subsidiary may vary from the decision-making activity of the headquarters. The policies applicable for the headquarters may not be applicable for the foreign locations. There are issues with the format of the performance measurement tools (Parsons et al. 2012). There can be various parameters such as return on investment, profits, productivity, cash flows, punctuality and the number of customer complaints (Morrow et al.2015). In some other geographic locations, there can be application of other qualitative parameters such as motivation level of the employees, leadership, adaptability and judgment capabilities. There is confusion regarding the performance management formats to be followed by the headquarters or the alliance firm s(Parsons et al. 2012). Experts may opine that there must be uniformity of the policies undertaken by all the branches of the organization. There are instances when the performance management techniques are not aligned with the environmental factors. There are issues with the uniformity of the performance data. There are instances when the traditional performance reviews do not give the optimum results (Parsons et al. 2012). The traditional performance reviews are done annually (Lawler Benson and Ledford 2016). However, there are instances when the manager wasted one year for providing corrective actions to the employees. This prevents the employees from enhancing their skills as well as knowledge. The uniform performance scales cannot be used for measuring the performance in all geographical locations (Rolstadas 2012). There different cultural variations and environmental influences which differs from one country to the other. The environmental factors gained prominence after the r ecent events of globalization which demonstrated trends of inflation (Rolstadas 2012). The performance measurement process becomes complicated with the distance as well as time variations (Dey and Cheffi 2013). The performance measurement of the employees located in the foreign locations is difficult than those of the domestic candidates. If the appraisals are being controlled from a centralized location (e.g. headquarters), then there may be fabrication of the original facts since both the parties do not have face-to-face interaction (Dey and Cheffi 2013). There may be raters bias while measuring the performance of the employees (Breuer Nieken and Sliwka2013). There can be halo effect, error of central tendency, personal prejudice, leniency and others. The performance evaluation process fails to incorporate the cultural parameters in the job performance (Parmenter 2015). It is obvious that the adjustment to the organizational culture depends largely on the national culture of the c ountry. This factor is often omitted from the performance evaluation criteria. It is often difficult to construct cross cultural analysis based on various exaggerated cultural stereotypes (Breuer Nieken and Sliwka 2013). There are times when it is difficult to distinguish between institutional arrangements and cultural values. There are often instances when it is difficult to give proper codification to the performance of the employees. Some activities of the employees may be considered as unaccepted and may call for a disciplinary action. However, the same activities, can be considered as culturally driven activities. It often becomes difficult to manage the employees performance in diverse countries due to high uncertainty avoidance. It is also difficult to devise a suitable compensation package for the cross-cultural teams. Solutions to the challenges There are performance management issues of the firm which should be addressed properly. The first issue deals with the inadequate compensation package being offered by the company. This can be solved by performing an in-depth analysis of the job requirements. It is important to perform requirement mapping in which the exact manpower needs would be identified. If there is correct identification of the manpower needs of the organization, then the recruitment strategies can be done effectively. This would prevent any redundancy in the employee recruitment which would prevent the organization from having unwanted human resources. This would enable the company to provide correct compensation package to the employees. The managers must use diverse monitoring methods for different countries, which would be done after sufficient market research. The best suitable method would be applied for a specific country. The different performance measurement tools should be applied to different geograp hical locations as per their suitability. For example, in accounting jobs in Singapore, it is essential to check the financial skills of the employees, whereas, in customer service jobs in UK, it is essential to measure the motivation level of employees. It is also important to customize the performance management formats according to the needs of the specific country. It is not advisable to measure performance annually, which is done by the traditional performance management system. A monthly performance management plan is important which gives continuous feedbacks to the employees. If the employees are constantly presented with their level of performance, then they can take corrective actions towards it. The cultural variations should be incorporated in the performance management scale. It is important to understand that the time as well as distance of the individual countries is different and hence it is important to include them in the performance management system. Prior effort should be undertaken in order to minimize the raters bias. It is important to allocate sufficient weightage to the cultural dimension in the performance management system. It is also important to break the cultural stereotypes by fostering transparent communication methods between the countries of business operations. There should be clearly laid down laws regarding the integration of cultural values and the institutional arrangements so that there is greater fulfillment of the performance management objectives. The organization must document the categorization of different types of behaviors demonstrated by the employees. It is important to document the types of behaviors that would be documented for disciplinary action. It is important to understand the culturally driven activities. It is also important to design suitable compensation package for the employees which would attract, retain and accelerate them to give their best performance. Conclusion The international business is one of the most important aspect of the modern-day organizations in which they are not limiting their business prospects to a single geographical location. They are crossing the different national barriers for better prospects in the business. This report identified the different leadership styles related to cross cultural management. The central leadership styles are discussing such as implicit leadership style, Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions, Globe Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness Research Project (GLOBE), transformational leadership and charismatic leadership. The change management process is discussed by identifying Kotters 8 step change model. The model is being explained in detail along with the practical implications. The diversity management is discussed by integrating the theoretical as well as practical aspects. The institutional theory and the resource based theory are discussed along with their implementation in organizatio ns. Motivation is one of the important drivers for performances and hence it is discussed in detailed by connecting it with Maslows Hierarchy of needs theory. The ethical approach to management is discussed in brief. The performance management challenges are critically analyzed from 360-degree perspective. The corresponding solutions for the identified issues are discussed. This report would broaden the understanding of the different issues involved in performance management which is embedded in the overall cross cultural management context. References Appelbaum, S.H., Habashy, S., Malo, J.L. and Shafiq, H., 2012. Back to the future: revisiting Kotter's 1996 change model.Journal of Management Development,31(8), pp.764-782. Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S., 2014.Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Avolio, B.J. and Yammarino, F.J. eds., 2013.Transformational and charismatic leadership: The road ahead. Emerald Group Publishing. Bamberger, P.A., Biron, M. and Meshoulam, I., 2014.Human resource strategy: Formulation, implementation, and impact. Routledge. Barney, J.B., 2012. Purchasing, supply chain management and sustained competitive advantage: The relevance of resource?based theory.Journal of Supply Chain Management,48(2), pp.3-6. Breuer, K., Nieken, P. and Sliwka, D., 2013. Social ties and subjective performance evaluations: an empirical investigation.Review of managerial Science,7(2), pp.141-157. Cavusgil, S.T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J.R., Rammal, H.G. and Rose, E.L., 2014.International business. Pearson Australia. Chhokar, J.S., Brodbeck, F.C. and House, R.J. eds., 2013.Culture and leadership across the world: The GLOBE book of in-depth studies of 25 societies. Routledge. Cummings, T.G. and Worley, C.G., 2014.Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Dey, P.K. and Cheffi, W., 2013. Green supply chain performance measurement using the analytic hierarchy process: a comparative analysis of manufacturing organisations.Production Planning Control,24(8-9), pp.702-720. Epitropaki, O., Sy, T., Martin, R., Tram-Quon, S. and Topakas, A., 2013. Implicit leadership and followership theories in the wild: Taking stock of information-processing approaches to leadership and followership in organizational settings.The Leadership Quarterly,24(6), pp.858-881. Harvey, C.P. and Allard, M., 2015.Understanding and managing diversity. Pearson. Hayes, J., 2014.The theory and practice of change management. Palgrave Macmillan. Kuntz, J.R.C., Kuntz, J.R., Elenkov, D. and Nabirukhina, A., 2013. Characterizing ethical cases: A cross-cultural investigation of individual differences, organisational climate, and leadership on ethical decision-making.Journal of Business Ethics,113(2), pp.317-331. Lawler III, E.E., Benson, G.S. and Ledford Jr, G.E., 2016. A Study of Cutting-Edge Performance Management Practices: Ongoing Feedback, Ratingless Reviews and Crowdsourced Feedback. Lester, D., 2013. Measuring Maslow's hierarchy of needs.Psychological reports,113(1). Moran, R.T., Abramson, N.R. and Moran, S.V., 2014.Managing cultural differences. Routledge. Morrow Jr, J.R., Mood, D., Disch, J. and Kang, M., 2015.Measurement and Evaluation in Human Performance, 5E. Human Kinetics. Mowday, R.T., Porter, L.W. and Steers, R.M., 2013.Employeeorganization linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. Academic press. Oreg, S. and Berson, Y., 2015. Personality and Charismatic Leadership in Context: The Moderating Role of Situational Stress.Personnel Psychology,68(1), pp.49-77. Parmenter, D., 2015.Key performance indicators: developing, implementing, and using winning KPIs. John Wiley Sons. Parsons, A., McCullough, C., Wang, J. and Shih, S., 2012. Validity of electronic health record-derived quality measurement for performance monitoring.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association,19(4), pp.604-609. Peng, M.W., 2013.Global strategy. Cengage learning. Rolstadas, A. ed., 2012.Performance management: A business process benchmarking approach. Springer Science Business Media. Suddaby, R., 2014. Can Institutional Theory Be Critical?.Journal of Management Inquiry, p.1056492614545304. Ward, J. and Peppard, J., 2016.The Strategic Management of Information Systems: Building a Digital Strategy. John Wiley Sons. Wild, J., Wild, K.L. and Han, J.C., 2014.International business. Pearson Education Limited. Zhu, Y., Sun, L.Y. and Leung, A.S., 2014. Corporate social responsibility, firm reputation, and firm performance: The role of ethical leadership.Asia Pacific Journal of Management,31(4), pp.925-947.

Thursday, November 28, 2019

Language Exploration Spanish and English

Similarities in Spanish and English English and Spanish languages have a lot of similarities .Both share common nouns and especially the names of items. For example, the noun insect in English is insecto in Spanish and professor in English is profesor in Spanish. Some words in Spanish are also synonymous in English. Besides, some of the sentence structures in English and Spanish are similar. Both languages usually apply subject-verb-object word order. Spanish language also has parts of speech just like English (Mott 5-18).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Language Exploration: Spanish and English specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Differences in Spanish and English Pronunciation of words in English and Spanish is very different as in Spanish, each letter in a word carries equal weight; meaning that each vowel has to be pronounced as opposed to English where some vowels and consonants are always silent (Smith and Swa n 24). Another feature that is different in the two languages is the endings to nouns in feminine and masculine forms. Masculine nouns in Spanish end with the suffix ‘o’ or may end with a consonant and are pluralized using ‘los’, while feminine nouns end with ‘a’ and are pluralized using ‘las’. On the other hand, English language does not differentiate between feminine and masculine nouns. In English, nouns ending in vowels are pluralized using‘s’ while nouns ending in consonants are pluralized using ‘es’ (Smith and Swan 17). Another difference that exists between these two languages is in the use of adjectives where adjectives come before the nouns in English and after the nouns in Spanish. In Spanish, an adjective transform to match to the noun that it is recounting or the gender of that noun. Spanish language has many different verb conjugations, unlike English language which only has a few (Smith and S wan 47). Besides, Spanish language has non-standardized syntax as compared to English since, in Spanish; the emphasized word may come at the end of the sentence. Again, in Spanish, the verb tenses have no one-to-one correspondence (Smith and Swan 44). There is quite a disparity in the phonology of the two languages in their vowel sounds and also in their sentence stress. Spanish language has five pure vowels as well as five dipthongs (Smith and Swan 21). On the other hand, English has twelve pure vowels as eight dipthongs sounds. There also exist differences in semantics as some English-Spanish cognates have different meanings (Smith and Swan 21). Teaching Strategy for ELLs In teaching as a second language to Spanish learners, the knowledge of their similarities and differences is very important as it enables the teacher evaluate each learner’s entry behavior in English language (Lucas 84).Advertising Looking for essay on languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Due to the similarities that exist between English and Spanish particularly in words and nouns, English language learners who have knowledge in Spanish and can read Spanish have the ability to transfer their literacy skills in Spanish to English (Colorin Colorado 3). They are therefore able to learn English faster. Teachers of ELLs should therefore give Spanish-speaking learners the opportunity to express themselves in Spanish when they are still trying to grasp English so as to allow them to transfer these skills to English. Over time, they become proficient in English and stop to depend on Spanish language (Lucas 14). To enhance the learning of English to the Spanish-speaking ELLs, it is important to help them distinguish the various English sounds each time they communicate, read or even write taking note of the sounds which do not exist in their language. Besides, it is important to ensure that the classroom environment makes the ELL s feel comfortable as they experiment with English. The learning environment should allow them to learn from each other (Colorin Colorado 7). According to Beckett and Haley (74), it is also important to structure opportunities that enable ELLs to learn English even outside the classroom and to also help them make connections to their Spanish language. Works Cited Beckett, Carol and Haley, Perry. â€Å"Using standards to integrate academic language into ESL fluency.† The Clearing House, 74.2 (2000). Washington: National Academy Press. Corolin Colorado. Common Questions about English Language Learners. Colorin Colorado, 2007. 29 January, 2011. http://www.colorincolorado.org/article/common-questions-about-english-language-learners Lucas, Tamara. â€Å"Facilitating the transitions of secondary English language learners: Priorities for principals.† NASSP Bulletin, 84.619 (2000). New York: Sage Publication. Mott, Bernard. Introductory semantics and pragmatism for Spanish lea rners of  English. Barcelona: University of Barcelona, 1996. Print.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Language Exploration: Spanish and English specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Smith, Benard and Swan, Michael. Learner English: A teacher’s guide to interference and other problems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. Print. This essay on Language Exploration: Spanish and English was written and submitted by user Corban R. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Keystone Pipeline political, economic and environmental implications

Keystone Pipeline political, economic and environmental implications Introduction The Keystone XL pipeline is a venture that is estimated to cover a distance of about one thousand nine hundred kilometers of thirty-six inch diameter in transporting crude oil that stretching from Hardisty, Alberta and extending all the way south to Steele city of Nebraska. Keystone XL pipeline project is critical for the improvement of the economy and enhanced energy sustainability.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Keystone Pipeline political, economic and environmental implications specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, the pipeline project will be critical in enabling easy access of oil productions by the US oil producers. In fact, the project will benefit majorly from the large oil markets existing in the US. The project that is estimated to cost $5.3 billion, the largest transportation venture in the US currently is expected to come with a number of implications concerning the political, economic and environmental aspects. Therefore, the study will explore the political, economic and environmental implications of the Keystone XL pipeline. In essence, comprehending the implications of political, economic and environmental factors before approval of important projects such as the Gateway Pipeline is critical (McAllister 54). The main objective of the study is to examine the implications of political, environmental and economic factors before the establishment of the Keystone XL pipeline. The economic, political and environmental implications have not often been critically looked at while approving major projects such as Keystone Pipeline. Examining the implications of such factors is important before such projects are undertaken. Therefore, the study of the economic, political and environmental implications is critical for both academic and practical purposes. Literature review The literature analysis will provide a description of the relevant important information on the economic, political as well as the environmental implication of the approval or the censure of the Keystone pipeline project. Specifically, the literature review focuses on various studies that have been conducted on the environmental, political and economic implications of similar projects around the world. According to the studies that have been conducted, the environmental, political and economic implications of major projects such as the Keystone XL pipeline are immense (Wang 545).Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Studies have indicated that projects are approved under the circumstances where the benefits supersede the costs and negative effects (Wang 545). Most successful oil and gas pipeline projects have greater economic benefits to the industries as well as the general economic growth of the country or countries it connects. Moreover, environmental implications are highly considered by most of the oil and gas pipeline projects. The reason is that the oil and gas have great impact on the environment in case of leakage. In fact, most of the studies on the environmental implication of oil and gas industry have narrowly focused on such impacts (Hirschberg 15). However, the effect of environment goes beyond the pipeline to the emissions that are generated by the pipelines as well as related industries. Political implications All major projects have political implications ranging from political decision-making process to government relationships. The implementation of major projects requires political will and government cooperation in terms of resources management, security and financial obligations (Harnly 23). In the circumstances that the project involves multiple political boundaries, inter-governmental relationship is highly required. Moreover, both private sector and governments finance most of the major projects. The Keysto ne XL pipeline that has to be undertaken across various states. For the project to succeed there is need for state cooperation. The pipeline construction will have effects on various environmental laws as well as state regulations. However, legal requirements can be amended to suit the developmental needs of the pipeline. In essence, the pipeline will have little political implications. Economic implications The construction of the project will employ about nine thousand expert American labor units. In other words, employment prospects will be available to the welders, mechanics, electricians and pipefitters. In addition, job opportunities will be offered in terms of safety coordinators, heavy equipment operators and other personnel in the construction industry to sustain their livelihoods (Harnly 23). Further, studies show that approximately seven thousand five hundred employment openings in the US are sustained by the steel manufacturing industries. In principle, the manufacturers of steel pipes, fittings, valves, pumps as well as control devices are bigger beneficiaries of oil pipeline ventures.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Keystone Pipeline political, economic and environmental implications specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More TransCanada Corporation, the Alberta based Energy Company that specializes in the development and operation of energy infrastructure in North America, has a connection with over fifty dealers in various states within the US. The corporation has employed over three thousand five hundred Americans in the construction of the Gulf Coast pipeline. Most importantly, the building of both the Keystone XL and the Gulf Coast pipelines will have positive economic implications in terms proceeds to the local and state governments. For instance, the projects are expected to generate over $20 billion to the overall economy as well as $100 million in local governments income and $490 million to the state governments. Further, the pipeline ventures will produce over $5 billion in terms of property taxes. Canadian Energy Research Institute contends that the Keystone pipeline will boost the America’s GDP in terms of proceeds and creation of employment opportunities in the next twenty-two years. Specifically, the institute contends that the project will boost the US gross domestic product by $175 billion and avail 1.9 million-person years of work. Generally, the pipeline venture will create job prospects as well as generate tax proceeds to the state governments thereby leading to the growth of the economy (McAllister 54). To begin with, American families will get jobs as welders, mechanics, equipment operators, truck drivers and laborers thus improving their livelihoods. Second, the venture has the potential of creating a number of business opportunities such as clearing, lodging and accommodation as well as maintenance equipment brought about by high d emand for the local goods and services. Lastly, the project will sustain the livelihoods of the society as well as increase the flow of tax proceeds in terms of property taxes across the US. The tax revenues will be invaluable in the operations and support of the local programs, disaster services, health and educational programs.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Environmental implications The construction of Keystone pipeline pledged to undertake the safety measures considering the environmental implications. Actually, pipelines are considered the safest and the most proficient medium through which fossil fuels can be transported (McAllister 84). In the United States, over ninety-five percent of oil and natural gas pipelines transports are safe and unswerving. The pipeline venture has incorporated special safety conditions in its design and the construction. In other words, the project has included remote-controlled shut off valves as well as augmenting the examination of the pipelines, concealing the pipes deeper into the ground and using solid pipes at river crossings. The anticipated Keystone itinerary has identified the significance of the local land and topsoil conservation thus efficiently perform the construction taking into account the importance of land reclamation process. Further, with the vast experience in the building and the operation of pipelines, TransCanada Company has devised measures that will minimize adverse effects to the endangered species, habitat, water crossings as well as the paleontological resources. Moreover, the pipeline’s high-tech controls will provide updates concerning any problems within the pipeline. Discussion and Analysis From the study, quantitative performance parameters are very vital in the determination of the implications. The direct economic gains, the public perceptions and the possible environmental hazard determine the quantitative measures that are used. Based on the parameters the implication of the factors was emphasized. According to the study findings, the environment becomes one of the major concerns by not only the public but also the industrialists and the governments. As a result, the project has taken keen measures to avert any environmental hazards that may occur. Another important environmental aspect that came out is how the project as well as relat ed industries will deal with the issues of carbon emissions. The major argument was that the pipeline increases the utilization of carbon fuels that causes an increase in the emissions. However, the proponents of the project argue that the measures taken are in accordance with the global requirements and conditions that have been put in place to reduce carbon emissions into the atmosphere. In addition, the US environmental regulations require that companies particularly dealing in fossil fuel have to meet environmental conditions that ensure reductions of emission in the atmosphere. Actions such as meeting the oil and gas pollution standards and carbon sequestration are some of the environmental precautions that will be undertaken by the project. The environmental oversight agencies have made it mandatory for companies to comply with not only the US environmental regulations but also global requirements. While considering the economic parameters through direct benefits including emp loyment opportunities, supportive industries, contribution of the project to the Growth of GDP, the results indicate an increasing trend. The indication is that there are increased benefits of the project. In essence, the environmental, economic and political indicators show positive impacts on the implementation of the project. Depending on the empirical indicators, the Keystone XL pipeline should be approved. Conclusion The economic, political and environmental analysis indicates positive implications of the project. The conclusion that can be drawn from the analyses is that the approval of the project will have positive results particularly on the economy despite few concerns over the environmental issues. In other words, the economic benefits are greater than the imminent costs. The economic, political, social and environmental evaluations are critical before the approval and implementation of major projects. Depending on the results of the environmental, economic and political implications, Keystone XL pipeline should be approved. Harnly, Nick. Cost-Benefit Analysis and the environment. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar. Print. Hirschberg, Stefan. â€Å"Environmental, economic and social criteria and indicators for sustainability assessment of energy technologies.† Project Management Review, 6.2 (2007): 3-28. McAllister, Donald. Evaluation in Environmental Planning: Assessing Environmental, Social, Economic, and Political Trade-offs. Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2010. Print. Wang, Yan. â€Å"Environmental impact assessment of projects: new law, old problems.† Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 23.2 (2003): 543–579. Print.